2016年ネパール通信5 ゴルカ地震国際会議
はじめに
ネパールへ来て２カ月近くたちましたが、ヒマラヤは一向に姿を見せてはくれません。厚いスモッグの層に隠れているからです。インド方面では40度以上の高温が続き、ヒマラヤ周辺の乾燥状態が続いているため、大気中の汚染物質がたまったままになっているからなのでしょう。
写真１ ヒマラヤ連峰の中央に鎮座する日の出直前のガウリシャンカール峰に向けて鳥が羽ばたく。
写真３ 無事だった五重塔のニャタポラ寺院前の人出（左手に舞台が設えられている）。
しかしながら、日の出を過ぎると、まだ残っていたか、新たなスモ
ッグの上限高度が上昇し、神々の座はふたたび大気汚染の中に埋没していきました。
写真４ バクタプールのダルバール付近の破壊・復興状況（中央奥の木造建築は健在か？）
４月中旬は幸運を呼ぶ祭り、バクタプールのビスケット・ジャットラ＊の季節です。昨年は2015年ネパール大地震 の直前で、京都の祇園祭のように山車を引っ張る盛大な行事がおこなわれました。今年は無事だった五重塔のニャタポラ寺院前のタウマディ広場の一角には舞台 が設えられ（写真３）、歌と踊りで集まっていたたくさんの人たちを元気づけているように見えました。しかしながら、１年たってもまだ街のいたるところに 地震の被害跡（写真４）がむきだしで、とうてい祭り気分を楽しむようにはなれないように感じました。
＊ 2015年ネパール春調査（5）
カトマンズ大学にて(2) ５）ビスケット・ジャットラ祭り
http://hyougaosasoi.blogspot.jp/2015/04/blog-post_17.html
タウマディ広場には水場があり、女性たちが水壺やバケツをもってたくさん集まり、乏しい水を我先にと汲んでいました（写真５，６）。街には水タンクで配水する車が多く走っていますので、水道設備への地震影響もまだ復旧していないのでしょう。
写真５ タウマディ広場の水場に集まる女性たち
写真６ タウマディ広場の水場で乏しい水を汲む女性たち
写真７ 1995年の神戸・淡路地震の後にできた地震博物館
ゴルカ地震国際会議
最近はミャンマー、日本の熊本、 エクアドルなどでも大地震が起こっていますが、カトマンズでは今年になってから、１週間に１度程度はマグニチゥード４～５クラスの余震＊が続いています。＊ Recent Earthquakes; National Seismological Centre
http://www.seismonepal.gov.np/index.php?action=earthquakes&show=recent4月25日には2015年ネパール大地震の１周年を迎えますので、 ネパールの鉱山・地質局が中心になって、24日と25日にカトマンズで、震源地名のゴルカを銘うったゴルカ地震国際会議＊を開催します。発表者は４０名ほどの小じんまりした国際会議になるようです。＊ International Workshop on Gorkha Earthquake, Nepal
http://www.seismonepal.gov.np/index.php?listId=189
写真８ 倒壊したビムセンタワーを見つめる人々
その国際会議＊では、2016年ネパール通信２＊＊でお伝えした下記のヒマラヤ地震博物館の要旨について報告します。1995年の神戸・淡路地震の後に地 震博物館ができています（写真７）が、ヒマラヤ地震博物館の場合は、要旨の末尾に書いたように、ネパールに人が愛着を感じ、カトマンズのランドマークにも なっていたが、根元から破壊されたこのタワー（写真８）をそのまま保存し、その横に２階建てぐらいの地震博物館を建てる話をネパールの方に話したら、広島 に行ったことがあるその人は「原爆の博物館」みたいだと興味を持ってくれました。
＊Tentative programme for Oral presentation
https://bay180.mail.live.com/mail/ViewOfficePreview.aspx?messageid=mgeI-Qc60E5hG_8QAhWtdK1A2&folderid=flinbox&attindex=0&cp=-1&attdepth=0&n=67412674
＊＊ 2015年ネパール地震の経験から－ヒマラヤ地震博物館構想－
http://hyougaosasoi.blogspot.jp/2016/03/blog-post_23.html
Himalayan Earthquake Museum
Hiroji Fushimi
Visiting Professor of Kathmandu University
１）Introduction
I have encountered the 2015 Nepal earthquake at Kathmandu University (KU) in Dhulikhel and it is my first impression that the earthquake was not a big one, as I used to experience the similar one in Japan and there were no damages except a small crack with 1-2mm width and 1m length in my room at KU. So, I didn’t expect such a large casualties that the central part of Nepal was suffered from victims of more than 9 thousands etc. and I started to make a field survey in Kathmandu basin and also along the road route to Nawakot and to Pokhara right after the earthquake due to the KU’s shut down. After my one month field survey, I found two fundamental issues to cause such a large damage; one is the people’s perception to natural disaster and the other is related to not only the building itself but also the lake sediments on where buildings stand. Finally, I came to the conclusion that the Himalayan Earthquake Museum is needed in terms of reducing various kind of risks caused by earthquake for Nepal’s future.
２）Two questions of people’s perception to natural disaster
A）Abnormal April weather of thunder shower in Kathmandu and heavy snow falls in Langtang
From the end of March to April, Kathmandu was encountered by the daily thunder shower and Langtang valley by the longlusting snow falls. What on earth did people in Kathmandu think about the lake deposit soaked with rain water being soft ground as well as mountain people living along the thrust zone with sheared clay soil layer being in similar condition of soft ground in Kathmandu? People in Langtang valley noticed Yaks died of heavy snow falls, but what on earth did they notice an avalanche that would hit their village?
B）Lessons from two mega-earthquakes of 1934 and 1833
There are plenty disaster information of the 1934 earthquake, but little is known about the 1833 earthquake. The former epicenter was in the east Nepal, and the latter one in the central Nepal close to the Langtang valley. Kathmandu experienced quite large scale disaster at the time of the 1934 earthquake and must also be severely destroyed in 1833 when the epicenter was much closer as compared to the epicenter of the 1934 earthquake. What happened to Langtang valley at the time of 1833 earthquake which epicenter was very near to their villages? What on earth did they learn from these mega-earthquakes of 1934 and 1833?
3）Himalayan Earthquake Museum
What is the real solution for reducing the risk of an earthquake disaster? There are two different kind of buildings are coexisted in the same area; such as one destroyed and other not destroyed in Patan and Bhaktapur etc. We have to know the reason why there are two different types of building coexisted in the same place in order to find out the preservation policy of the important cultural heritages. When you will build a sophisticated nice-looking house on the Kathmandu lake sediments, it looks magnificent, but it will be soon broken down easily because its foundation is not solid. However it is important not to build a house of cards and to make necessary improvement of soft ground, but nothing could be more important than the Earthquake Museum in order to have people’s improvement of disaster awareness for the future Nepal. Here, I propose the construction of Himalayan Earthquake Museum in Kathmandu and the Himalayan Disaster Data Center in Langtang valley where people can meet with researchers and the improvement of people’s perception noticed in the chapter 2 will be needed in terms of reducing various kind of damages caused by earthquake for Nepal’s future.PS
From 2008 to 2010, I worked for the International Mountain Museum that I originally planned as “Mountain Museum” in 1974, but finally built in Pokhara in 2004. It took 30 years, but we can not wait such a long time, as we still have frequent aftershocks and we may have another big one in near future due to the collision of two continental plates, India and Asia, and the rising of the Great Himalayas. It may be one idea that the Himalayan Earthquake Museum will be built next to the destroyed Bhimsen Tower which shoud be preserved for showing and realizing the 2015 Nepal Earthquake.
Visiting Professor of Kathmandu University
１）Introduction
I have encountered the 2015 Nepal earthquake at Kathmandu University (KU) in Dhulikhel and it is my first impression that the earthquake was not a big one, as I used to experience the similar one in Japan and there were no damages except a small crack with 1-2mm width and 1m length in my room at KU. So, I didn’t expect such a large casualties that the central part of Nepal was suffered from victims of more than 9 thousands etc. and I started to make a field survey in Kathmandu basin and also along the road route to Nawakot and to Pokhara right after the earthquake due to the KU’s shut down. After my one month field survey, I found two fundamental issues to cause such a large damage; one is the people’s perception to natural disaster and the other is related to not only the building itself but also the lake sediments on where buildings stand. Finally, I came to the conclusion that the Himalayan Earthquake Museum is needed in terms of reducing various kind of risks caused by earthquake for Nepal’s future.
２）Two questions of people’s perception to natural disaster
A）Abnormal April weather of thunder shower in Kathmandu and heavy snow falls in Langtang
From the end of March to April, Kathmandu was encountered by the daily thunder shower and Langtang valley by the longlusting snow falls. What on earth did people in Kathmandu think about the lake deposit soaked with rain water being soft ground as well as mountain people living along the thrust zone with sheared clay soil layer being in similar condition of soft ground in Kathmandu? People in Langtang valley noticed Yaks died of heavy snow falls, but what on earth did they notice an avalanche that would hit their village?
B）Lessons from two mega-earthquakes of 1934 and 1833
There are plenty disaster information of the 1934 earthquake, but little is known about the 1833 earthquake. The former epicenter was in the east Nepal, and the latter one in the central Nepal close to the Langtang valley. Kathmandu experienced quite large scale disaster at the time of the 1934 earthquake and must also be severely destroyed in 1833 when the epicenter was much closer as compared to the epicenter of the 1934 earthquake. What happened to Langtang valley at the time of 1833 earthquake which epicenter was very near to their villages? What on earth did they learn from these mega-earthquakes of 1934 and 1833?
3）Himalayan Earthquake Museum
What is the real solution for reducing the risk of an earthquake disaster? There are two different kind of buildings are coexisted in the same area; such as one destroyed and other not destroyed in Patan and Bhaktapur etc. We have to know the reason why there are two different types of building coexisted in the same place in order to find out the preservation policy of the important cultural heritages. When you will build a sophisticated nice-looking house on the Kathmandu lake sediments, it looks magnificent, but it will be soon broken down easily because its foundation is not solid. However it is important not to build a house of cards and to make necessary improvement of soft ground, but nothing could be more important than the Earthquake Museum in order to have people’s improvement of disaster awareness for the future Nepal. Here, I propose the construction of Himalayan Earthquake Museum in Kathmandu and the Himalayan Disaster Data Center in Langtang valley where people can meet with researchers and the improvement of people’s perception noticed in the chapter 2 will be needed in terms of reducing various kind of damages caused by earthquake for Nepal’s future.PS
From 2008 to 2010, I worked for the International Mountain Museum that I originally planned as “Mountain Museum” in 1974, but finally built in Pokhara in 2004. It took 30 years, but we can not wait such a long time, as we still have frequent aftershocks and we may have another big one in near future due to the collision of two continental plates, India and Asia, and the rising of the Great Himalayas. It may be one idea that the Himalayan Earthquake Museum will be built next to the destroyed Bhimsen Tower which shoud be preserved for showing and realizing the 2015 Nepal Earthquake.
身辺諸事
写真９ 大学の丘の木にとまるカッコウ
カトマンズ大学を訪れるカッコウのことは、2016年ネパール通信２＊でお伝えしましたが、 遠慮がちに遠くで鳴いていたカッコウガ大学中心部の小高い丘の見晴らしの良い木に、ついに訪れました（写真９）。しかし、二声三声、歌を聞かせてくれまし たが、すぐに立ち去りました。昨年はその木に長い時間留まり、すばらしい声を聞かせてくれたのです＊が。しかし夕方になると、大学の森を根城にしている カラスたちが、カッコウが訪れた見晴らしの良い木に群がって（写真１０）、例の濁声でカラス王国を騒ぎ立てているのでした。＊2015年ネパール春調査（１４）お世話になった方々
お寺など（文化と自然）次はカッコーさん。
http://hyougaosasoi.blogspot.jp/2015/06/blog-post_8.html
写真９ 大学の丘の木にとまるカッコウ
人脈往来
1970年前後からネパール中央部マナン地域で民俗調査を行っている古川宇一さんが再びマナン地域のアンナプルナ北側地域を旅し、4月6日に帰国しまし た。パタゴニアの氷河調査を長年してきた筑波大学の安仁屋政武さんはムスタン地域を旅行していましたが、ポカラに戻ってきたとのメイル連絡があり、4月 20日にカトマンズ大学に来てくれることになりました。北大山岳部の友人たちはカンチェンジュンガ方面を旅行中で、４月末にカトマンズに戻ってくることに なっています。上記のゴルカ地震国際会議に参加予定だった井上公さんは熊本の地震調査で来れるかどうか不明です。また、4月29日と30日に開かれるマナ スル峰日本隊登頂60周年会にはこれまでお世話になっている神崎忠男さんや八木原圀明さんたちがお見えになるので、再会できるのが楽しみです。